Smoking For Health Hazards

Currently the number of smokers, especially adolescent smokers continue to grow, particularly in developing countries. This situation is a serious challenge for efforts to improve community health status. Even the world health organization (WHO) has warned that in the decade from 2020 to 2030 tobacco will kill 10 million people per year, 70% of them occur in developing countries.

Through resolution 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set 31 May as World Tobacco Free Day every year.

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE

Cigarettes must not be separated from raw materials of manufacture, namely tobacco. In Indonesia, tobacco plus clove and other ingredients are mixed to make clove cigarettes. Besides cigarettes, tobacco can also be used as hand-rolled cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, tobacco pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or chewing tobacco). Gas component of cigarette smoke is carbon monoxide, ammonia, acid hidrosianat, nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde. Particle form of tar, indole, nicotine, karbarzol, and cresol. These substances are toxic, irritating, and cause cancer (carcinogens).

Nicotine

Substances most frequently discussed and researched people, poison the body's nerves, increase blood pressure, cause constriction of peripheral blood vessels, and cause addiction and dependence on the wearer. Levels of 4-6 mg of nicotine inhaled by adults every day can make a person addicted. In the United States, white cigarettes on the market had higher levels of 8-10 mg of nicotine per stem, while in Indonesia, 17 mg nicotine yield per stem.

BLACK LEAD (Pb)

Lead generated by a cigarette of 0.5 ug. A packet of cigarettes (20 cigarettes contents) which sucked out in one day will generate 10 ug. While the danger threshold of lead that enters the body is 20 mcg per day. It is conceivable, when a heavy smoker smoked an average of 2 packs of cigarettes per day, how many of these harmful substances into the body!

GAS carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon Monoxide has a strong tendency to bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Supposedly, this hemoglobin binds with oxygen which is essential for respiration of body cells, but because the CO gas is stronger than oxygen, the CO gas is captured place "in the" hemoglobin. Be, hemoglobin coupled with CO gas. CO gas levels in the blood of nonsmokers is less than 1 percent, while the blood of smokers to reach 4-15 percent. Many times over!

TAR

Tar is a collection of thousands of chemicals in the solid component of cigarette smoke, and is a carcinogen. At the time of cigarettes smoked, the tar into the oral cavity as a dense vapor. Once cool, it will become solid and form a brown precipitate on the surface of the teeth, respiratory tract, and lungs. Precipitation varies between 3-40 mg per cigarette, while the levels of tar in cigarettes range from 24-45 mg.

IMPACT OF THE LUNGS

Smoking can cause changes in the structure and function of airway and lung tissue. In large airways, mucous cells enlarge (hypertrophy) and mucus gland multiply (hyperplasia). In small airways, there was mild inflammation due to increased cell constriction and mucus buildup. In lung tissue, an increase in the number of inflammatory cells and damage to the alveoli. Due to changes in the anatomy of the airways, in smokers there will be changes in lung function with all kinds of clinical symptoms. This became the main basis of the occurrence of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (PPOM). It says smoking is the leading cause of occurrence of PPOM, including pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. The relationship between smoking and lung cancer have been studied in 4-5 decades. Found a strong association between cigarette smoking, particularly cigarettes, with the incidence of lung cancer. Some even expressly stated that the cigarettes as the main cause of lung cancer. Cigarette smoke particles, such as benzopiren, dibenzopiren, and urethane, known as a carcinogen. Tar is also associated with risk of cancer. Compared with nonsmokers, the possibility arises of lung cancer in smokers reach 10-30 times more frequently.

IMPACT ON HEART

Many studies have shown a link smoking with coronary heart disease (CHD). Of the 11 million deaths per year in industrialized countries, the WHO reports that more than half (6 million) due to blood circulation disorders, in which 2.5 million are coronary heart disease and 1.5 million are stroke. MOH survey in 1986 and 1992, have increased mortality from heart disease from 9.7 percent (ranked third) to 16 percent (ranked first). Smoking is a major factor causing the heart blood vessel disease. Not just cause of coronary heart disease, smoking is also bad for the brain and peripheral blood vessels. Diembuskan smoke smokers smoke can be divided into primary (main stream smoke) and smoke the side (side stream smoke). The main smoke is tobacco smoke is inhaled directly by smokers, while the next smoke is tobacco smoke spread into the free air, which would be inhaled by another person or passive smoking. It has been found 4000 different chemicals in cigarettes, with 40 species of which are carcinogenic (can cause cancer), in which the toxic material is mostly found on the side smoke such as carbon monoxide (CO) 5 times more common in addition to smoke than The main smoke, benzopiren 3 times, and ammonia 50 times. These materials can last up to several hours in a room after smoking stops. Generally the focus of research aimed at the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide. Both these materials, in addition to increased oxygen demand, also disrupt the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) to the detriment of myocardial work. Nicotine interfere with the sympathetic nervous system due to increased myocardial oxygen demand. Besides causing addiction of smoking, nicotine also stimulates the release of adrenaline, increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac oxygen demand, and cause heart rhythm disturbances. Nicotine also affect the nerves, brain, and many other body parts. Nicotine activate platelets, with the consequent emergence of platelet adhesion (clotting) into the blood vessel wall. Carbon monoxide causes desaturasi hemoglobin, reducing the direct supply of oxygen to tissues throughout the body including the myocardium. CO replaces the oxygen in hemoglobin, interfering with the release of oxygen, and accelerated atherosclerosis (calcification / thickening of artery walls). Thus, CO reduce physical exercise capacity, increased blood viscosity, making it easier for blood clotting. Nicotine, CO, and other materials found in cigarette smoke damage the endothelium (inner wall of blood vessels), and facilitate the emergence of blood clotting. In addition, cigarette smoke affect the lipid profile. Compared with nonsmokers, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride blood of smokers is higher, whereas HDL cholesterol is lower.

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Smoking is proven to be the biggest risk factor for sudden death.

The risk of coronary heart disease increased by 2-4 times in smokers compared with nonsmokers. This risk increases with age and number of cigarettes smoked. Research shows that smoking risk factors work synergistically with other factors, such as hypertension, fat content or high blood sugar, on the outbreak of CHD. Please note that the risk of death from coronary heart disease decreases by 50 percent in the first year after smoking was stopped. As a result of clotting (thrombosis) and calcification (atherosclerosis), blood vessel walls, smoking would obviously damage the blood vessels peripheral. PPDP involving the arteries and veins in the leg or arm is often found in young adult heavy smoker, often will end up with amputation.

DISEASE (STROKE)

Blockage of blood vessels of the brain that are sudden or stroke associated with smoking a lot. Risk of stroke and death risk higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers. In a study conducted in the United States and Britain, found smoking habits increase the likelihood of the emergence of AIDS in people with HIV. In the group of smokers, AIDS arise on average in 8.17 months, whereas in the group of nonsmokers arise after 14.5 months. The decline in smokers become immune trigger more easily exposed to AIDS so that quitting smoking is important in defense measures against AIDS. Now more and more studied and reported adverse effect of smoking on pregnant women, impotence, decreased immune individuals, including in people with viral hepatitis, gastrointestinal cancer, and others. From the point of health economics, the impact of diseases caused by smoking would certainly add to the cost, both for individuals, families, corporations, even countries.  Diseases caused by smoking affects the provision of manpower, especially skilled workers or executive staff, with sudden death or disability arising obvious cause big losses for the company. Decrease in labor productivity raises the company's earnings decline, also the economic burden is not small for individuals and families. Expenditures for health care costs increase, families, corporations, and government.